Nitrous Oxide Offers Pain Relief for Women in Labor

November 13, 2019

Nitrous oxide – which many of us know as laughing gas, an old-school anesthesia used by dentists – is making a comeback in the modern birthing suite.

Women delivering their babies can now opt for nitrous oxide as a means of pain control – a practice that was first introduced to medicine nearly 200 years ago. In fact, nitrous oxide gained acceptance after Queen Victoria used it while giving birth in 1853 and 1857.

“Nitrous oxide for labor has been practiced across the centuries," says University Hospitals certified nurse midwife Lauren MacGregor-Banak, CNM.

“It fell out of favor somewhat. Fifty years ago, we weren't using nitrous oxide at all in the United States. Epidural anesthesia had been proven safe, and so that gained popularity. But recently, nitrous oxide has started to make a comeback,” she says.

Another Tool For Labor

Nitrous oxide provides women with another tool in addition to epidural anesthesia and IV narcotics to assist with coping in labor.

Nitrous oxide is easy for the pregnant patient to self-administer through a tightly sealed face mask, and it has no significant effects on the baby. It also has a short duration.

“Nitrous oxide effects get eliminated very quickly," MacGregor-Banak says. “Within a couple of breaths, it's completely eliminated from the lungs and from the body."

The best candidates for nitrous oxide are low-risk pregnant women. It’s not advised for women with risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency, including pernicious anemia, celiac or Crohn's disease, a recent history of gastric bypass or lupus. Also, women receiving magnesium sulfate for preeclampsia with severe features, those less than 35 weeks gestation and those with a history of sleep apnea requiring CPAP are not candidates for nitrous oxide use in labor.

Short-Term Help

Part of using nitrous oxide successfully is being clear with the patient about what it can and cannot do.

“It's important to manage expectations in the outpatient setting," MacGregor-Banak says. “If the patient thinks this is going to eliminate all of their pain like an epidural, it will not. But nitrous oxide may help them cope with the pain. It's just another tool, another effective option."

Nitrous oxide is particularly well-suited to helping patients get through short, but uncomfortable procedures, such as the placement of a cervical ripening balloon.

“It's a procedure that makes some patients uncomfortable and anxious before their induction of labor," MacGregor-Banak says. “Nitrous oxide can be used rather than IV narcotics to help the patient cope and reduce her anxiety through that procedure. Then she can put it aside until she needs it again in active labor."

Preserving Mobility

Another key advantage to nitrous oxide is that, unlike an epidural, women in labor can stay up and moving while using it. In addition, nitrous oxide can be used even if the woman ultimately opts for an epidural.

“If a patient is really set on an epidural and that's part of her birth plan, we want to provide her with what she wants," MacGregor-Banak says. “But nitrous oxide as a bridge can keep her ambulatory a little bit longer.

When she's ready for the epidural, she may have progressed more with her labor. Every labor and delivery nurse and OB provider would say the longer she can be moving, the better. To be upright is certainly beneficial."

A Choice For Less Intervention

Ultimately, it's about providing patients with appropriate options and listening to their preferences.

“We want women to have the birth experience they've envisioned, whether through an epidural or nitrous oxide or some combination of the two," MacGregor-Banak says.

“The majority of patients want epidurals," she says. “There's no doubt about it. But there are certainly some patients who choose less intervention. Some women want to have that sense of control and some want less intervention for their birth experience.”