Most Youth Baseball Coaches Don’t Follow Pitch Count Guidelines for Young Players, New UH Rainbow Study Says

Expert calls on parents to get more involved in what can be a complicated task

Innovations in Pediatrics – Summer | 2019

Most youth baseball coaches are not following established sports medicine guidelines when it comes to counting pitches for their players, according to a recent study from University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital. The findings suggest that coaches may need to enlist parents’ help in counting pitches for their young players.

Allison Gilmore, MD

“A child age 8 to 10 should only have 52 pitches per week, and they can only have two games per week,” says Allison Gilmore, MD, a pediatric orthopaedic surgeon and sports medicine specialist at UH Rainbow and senior author of the study; and Associate Professor of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. “A kid the same age should only have 1,000 per season and 3,000 for an entire year. It’s very tough for just the coach, who doesn’t know what the kid is doing during school or on other teams, to keep track of all that. Parents can have these guidelines, and they can take responsibility as much as the coaches.”

Youth pitchers are at high risk for shoulder and elbow overuse injuries, and such injuries are on the rise. What’s more, when compared with all other positions in baseball, injuries sustained during pitching are at a significantly higher risk to require surgery.

For the study, Dr. Gilmore and her UH Rainbow colleagues surveyed 82 youth baseball coaches in two Midwestern metropolitan areas. They asked questions about the type of team, age of the players and how often they counted pitches and in what way – per game, per week, per season, per year or some combination of those.

Results showed that 56 percent of coaches surveyed reported “always” keeping track of pitch counts. However, 92 percent reported not keeping track of pitch counts according to the recommendations of the American Sports Medicine Institute (ASMI). ASMI recommends tracking pitches on a game, weekly, seasonal and yearly basis. In addition, 56 percent of coaches surveyed reported not following the pitch count recommendations as established by the USA Baseball Medical & Safety Advisory Committee. What’s more, just 13 percent of coaches were able to correctly identify risk factors for overuse injuries. The study was published recently in the Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics.

According to Dr. Gilmore, counting pitches can be complicated, and the onus shouldn’t fall solely on coaches.

“It’s not that coaches don’t want to do it,” she says. “I think it’s a hard thing for them to do. Kids are also on multiple teams, such as school teams and outside teams. It’s definitely not an easy thing to control. A lot of parents sit and watch the games, so perhaps we can enlist some of the parents to keep track.”

Beyond increased parent involvement, Dr. Gilmore also offers these tips for preventing pitching and pediatric overuse injuries:

• Do strength training: “All kids should be doing pre-season strength training,” she says. “It used to be thought that kids lifting weights would hurt their growth plates. But studies have shown that kids don’t have enough circulating testosterone to build up that huge bulk, but that if they do lift weights, they can build muscle endurance, and that will protect their elbow and shoulder. It’s most effective to use light weights with lots of repetitions.”
• Warm up: “Players should do a light throw before they pitch, just like you would jog before you sprint,” Dr. Gilmore says.
• Avoid playing baseball year-round. “There are lots of studies showing that if they’re in the same sport year-round, there’s a higher incidence of overuse injuries,” she says. With Little League players, the recommendation is that they should play no more than nine months a year. The other months should be devoted to active rest, such as playing a different sport that doesn’t involve throwing.

Dr. Gilmore says she hopes both coaches and parents will become more familiar with the established sports medicine guideline on pitch counts. The ASMI guidelines can be found at https://asmi.org/position-statement-for-adolescent-baseball-pitchers/; the USA Baseball Medical & Safety Advisory Committee guidelines can be found at https://www.usabaseball.com/about/medical-and-safety

“It would be helpful to print out some of these guidelines, which have been studied and already are common knowledge,” she says. “It’s really an important thing. Kids don’t know enough to sit out. It’s up to the parents and up to the adults to protect our kids.”

For more information about this research, please email Peds.Innovations@UHhospitals.org.