Prevention & Treatment of Hammertoe

Causes & Risk Factors for Hammertoe

Hammertoe occurs far more frequently in women than men. This is likely because women’s footwear often features a narrow toe box and high heels. When shoes like this are worn, the toes are forced into a bent position, increasing the risk for the hammertoe deformity to develop over time.

Additional causes may include foot injuries or certain illnesses, like diabetes. In some cases, the cause is unknown.

Potential Complications of Hammertoe

If hammertoe is allowed to progress without treatment and too-tight footwear continues to be worn, the muscles and tendons in the toes will tighten up and become shorter. When this happens, the condition may only be reversible through surgery. Additional complications may include:

• Worsening pain in the affected toe(s)
• Loss of mobility in the toe(s) which can make walking more difficult
• The formation of corns, blisters and calluses on or around the affected toe(s)
• Swelling, redness or raw sores on or around the affected toe(s)

Diagnosis & Treatment of Hammertoe

The visual characteristics of hammertoe are easily identified and a healthcare provider can usually diagnose the problem by simply looking at the foot. An X-ray might be done but typically isn’t necessary unless corrective surgery is being considered.

If hammertoe is diagnosed in the early stages, it can often be treated by manipulating and splinting the affected toe(s). However, medical management of the condition can only succeed if accompanied by certain lifestyle measures, including:

• Wearing properly fitted, low- or no-heeled shoes with a wide toe box that does not compress the toes.
• The use of corn pads, shoe inserts or prescription orthotics.
• Devices called hammertoe regulators or straighteners. These can be custom made for you or purchased online or over-the-counter at certain stores.
• Gentle stretching exercises if the toe is not yet in a rigid, fixed position.

If the pain is substantial, your doctor may prescribe oral or topical medications. Sometimes, cortisone shots may be an option.

Corrective Hammertoe Surgery

If conservative treatments fail to manage pain and symptoms and the condition worsens, your healthcare provider may recommend a surgical procedure to straighten the toe(s).

The most common approach is to surgically release the tendons or ligaments that have become tight and shortened. This allows the toe to straighten and regain a normal appearance. Sometimes, the bones on either side of the joint may need to be removed or fused together.

This is usually an outpatient procedure and you will go home the same day. You will need to rest for 3-5 days with your feet elevated and apply ice as recommended by your doctor. Full recovery can take several weeks.