Angioplasty and Stent Placement for the Heart

What is angioplasty?

Angioplasty is a procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries caused by coronary artery disease. It restores blood flow to the heart muscle without open-heart surgery. Angioplasty can be done in an emergency setting, such as a heart attack. Or it can be done as elective surgery if your healthcare provider strongly suspects you have heart disease. Angioplasty is also called percutaneous coronary intervention.

For angioplasty, a long, thin tube (catheter) is put into a blood vessel. It is then guided to the blocked coronary artery. The catheter has a tiny balloon at its tip. Once the catheter is in place, the balloon is inflated at the narrowed area of the heart artery. This presses the plaque or blood clot against the sides of the artery. The result is more room for blood flow.

The healthcare provider uses fluoroscopy during the surgery. Fluoroscopy is a special type of X-ray that’s like an X-ray "movie." It helps the healthcare provider find the blockages in the heart arteries as a contrast dye moves through the arteries. This is called coronary angiography.

The healthcare provider may decide that you need another type of procedure. This may include removing the plaque (atherectomy) at the site of the narrowing of the artery. In atherectomy, the healthcare provider may use a catheter with a rotating tip. The plaque is broken up or cut away to open the artery once the catheter reaches the narrowed spot in the artery.

Stents

Coronary stents are now used in nearly all angioplasty procedures. A stent is a tiny, expandable metal mesh coil. It's put into the newly opened area of the artery to help keep the artery from narrowing or closing again.

Tissue will start to coat the stent like a layer of skin once the stent has been placed. The stent will be fully lined with tissue within 3 to 12 months. The length of time depends on if the stent has a medicine coating or not. You may be prescribed medicines called antiplatelets to decrease the "stickiness" of platelets. Platelets are special blood cells that clump together to stop bleeding. The medicine can also prevent blood clots from forming inside the stent. Your healthcare team will give specific instructions on which medicines need to be taken and for how long.

Most stents are coated with medicine to prevent scar tissue from forming inside the stent. These stents are called drug-eluting stents. They release medicine within the blood vessel that slows the overgrowth of tissue within the stent. This helps prevent the blood vessel from becoming narrow again. Some stents don't have this medicine coating and are called bare metal stents. They may have higher rates of stenosis. But they don't need long-term use of antiplatelet medicines. This may be the preferred stent in people who are at high risk of bleeding.

Stents can become blocked. It's important to talk with your healthcare team about what you need to do if you have chest pain after a stent placement.

You may need a repeat procedure if scar tissue does form inside the stent. This may be using either balloon angioplasty or with a second stent. In rare cases, radiation therapy may be given through a catheter placed near the scar tissue to stop the growth of scar tissue. It also opens up the vessel. This is called brachytherapy.

Why might I need angioplasty?

Angioplasty is done to restore coronary artery blood flow. This is done when the narrowed artery is in a place that can be reached in this manner. Not all coronary artery disease (CAD) can be treated with angioplasty. Your healthcare provider will decide the best way to treat your CAD based on your circumstances.

What are the risks of angioplasty?

Possible risks linked to angioplasty, stenting, atherectomy, and related procedures include:

• Bleeding at the site where the catheter is put into the body (usually the groin, wrist, or arm)
• Blood clot or damage to the blood vessel from the catheter
• Blood clot within the treated blood vessel
• Infection at the catheter insertion site
• Abnormal heart rhythms
• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Rupture of the coronary artery or complete closing of the coronary artery, needing open-heart surgery
• Allergic reaction to the contrast dye used
• Kidney damage from the contrast dye

You may want to ask your healthcare team about the amount of radiation used during the procedure and the risks related to your particular situation. It's a good idea to keep a record of your radiation exposure, so you can tell your healthcare team. This includes previous scans and other types of X-rays. Risks linked to radiation exposure may be related to the total number of X-rays or treatments over a long period.

For some people, having to lie still on the procedure table for the length of the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain.

There may be other risks depending on your specific health condition. Discuss any concerns with your healthcare team before the procedure.

How do I get ready for angioplasty?

• Your healthcare team will explain the procedure to you and you can ask questions.
• You will be asked to sign a consent form that gives your permission to do the procedure. Read the form carefully and ask questions if anything is not clear.
• Tell your healthcare team if you have ever had a reaction to any contrast dye, or if you are allergic to iodine.
• Tell your healthcare team if you are sensitive to or are allergic to any medicines, latex, tape, and local or general anesthesia.
• Follow any directions you are given for not eating or drinking before surgery.
• Tell your healthcare team if you are pregnant or think you could be. Radiation exposure during pregnancy may lead to birth defects.
• Tell your healthcare team if you have any body piercings on your chest or belly (abdomen).
• Tell your healthcare team about all prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, herbs, and supplements that you are taking.
• Tell your healthcare team if you have a history of bleeding disorders or if you are taking any blood-thinning medicines (anticoagulant or antiplatelet), aspirin, or other medicines that affect blood clotting. You may need to stop some of these medicines before the procedure. But for planned angioplasty procedures, your healthcare provider may want you to continue taking aspirin and antiplatelet medicines, so be sure to ask.
• Your provider may request a blood test before the procedure to find out how long it takes your blood to clot.  Other blood tests may be done as well.
• Tell your healthcare team if you have a pacemaker or other implanted device.
• You may get a sedative before the procedure to help you relax.
• Based on your health condition, your healthcare provider may give you other instructions on how to get ready.

What happens during angioplasty?

Angioplasty may be done as part of your stay in a hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your healthcare provider's practices. Most people who have angioplasty and stent placement are kept track of overnight in the hospital.

Generally, angioplasty follows this process:

1. You will be asked to remove any jewelry or other objects that may interfere with the procedure. You may wear your dentures or hearing aid if you use either of these.
2. You will be asked to remove your clothing and will be given a gown to wear.
3. You will be asked to empty your bladder before the procedure.
4. If there is a lot of hair at the area of the catheter insertion (often the groin area), the hair may be shaved off.
5. An IV (intravenous) line will be started in your hand or arm before the procedure. It will be used for injection of medicine and to give IV fluids, if needed.
6. You will be placed on your back on the procedure table.
7. You will be connected to an electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor that records the electrical activity of your heart and keeps track of your heart rate using electrodes that stick to your skin. Your vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and oxygen level) will be tracked during the procedure.
8. There will be several monitor screens in the room, showing your vital signs, the images of the catheter being moved through your body into your heart, and the structures of your heart as the dye is injected.
9. You will get a sedative in your IV line to help you relax. But you will likely stay awake during the procedure.
10. Your pulses below the catheter insertion site will be checked and marked so that the circulation to the limb below the site can easily be checked during and after the procedure.
11. Local anesthesia will be injected into the skin at the insertion site. This may be in your leg, arm, or neck. You may feel some stinging at the site for a few seconds after the local anesthetic is injected.
12. Once the local anesthesia has taken effect, a sheath, or introducer, will be put into the blood vessel (often at the groin). This is a plastic tube through which the catheter will be threaded into the blood vessel and advanced into the heart.
13. The catheter will be threaded through the sheath into the blood vessel. The healthcare provider will advance the catheter through the aorta into the heart. Fluoroscopy ("live" X-ray) will be used to help see the catheter advance into the heart.
14. The catheter will be threaded into the coronary arteries. Once the catheter is in place, contrast dye will be injected through the catheter into your coronary arteries to see the narrowed area. You may feel some effects when the contrast dye is injected into the IV line. These effects include a flushing sensation, a salty or metallic taste in the mouth, or a brief headache. These effects usually last only a few moments.
15. Tell your healthcare provider if you feel any breathing trouble, sweating, numbness, itching, nausea or vomiting, chills, or heart palpitations.
16. After the contrast dye is injected, a series of rapid X-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries will be taken. You may be asked to take in a deep breath and hold it for a few seconds during this time.
17. When the healthcare provider locates the narrowed artery, the catheter will be advanced to that location and the balloon will be inflated to open the artery. You may have some chest pain or discomfort at this point because the blood flow is temporarily blocked by the inflated balloon. Any chest discomfort or pain should go away when the balloon is deflated. But tell your healthcare provider right away if you notice any continued discomfort or pain, such as chest pain, neck or jaw pain, back pain, arm pain, shortness of breath, or breathing trouble.
18. The healthcare provider may inflate and deflate the balloon several times. The decision may be made at this point to put in a stent to keep the artery open. In some cases, the stent may be put into the artery before the balloon is inflated. Then the inflation of the balloon will open the artery and fully expand the stent.
19. The healthcare provider will take measurements, pictures, or angiograms after the artery has been opened. Once it has been determined that the artery is opened sufficiently, the catheter will be removed.
20. The sheath or introducer is taken out and the insertion site may be closed with a closure device that uses collagen to seal the opening in the artery, by the use of stitches (sutures), or by applying manual pressure over the area to keep the blood vessel from bleeding. Your healthcare provider will decide which method is best for you.
21. If a closure device is used, a sterile dressing will be applied to the site. If manual pressure is used, the healthcare provider (or an assistant) will hold pressure on the insertion site so that a clot will form on the outside of the blood vessel to prevent bleeding. Once the bleeding has stopped, a very tight bandage will be placed on the site.
22. Staff will help you slide from the table onto a stretcher so that you can be taken to the recovery area. Note: If the insertion was in the groin, you will not be allowed to bend your leg for several hours. If the insertion site was in the arm, your arm will be kept elevated on pillows and kept straight by placing your arm in an arm guard (a plastic arm board designed to immobilize the elbow joint). A plastic band that works like a belt around the waist may also be put around your arm near the insertion site. The band will be loosened at given intervals and then removed when your healthcare provider decides the pressure is no longer needed.

What happens after angioplasty?

In the hospital

After the procedure, you may be taken to the recovery room for observation or returned to your hospital room. If the catheter was put in a blood vessel in your groin or leg, you will stay flat in bed for several hours after the procedure. A nurse will keep track of your vital signs, the insertion site, and circulation and sensation in the affected leg or arm.

Tell your nurse right away if you feel any chest pain or tightness, or any other pain, as well as any feelings of warmth, bleeding, or pain at the insertion site.

Bed rest may vary from 4 to 6 hours depending on your specific condition. If your healthcare provider placed a closure device, your bed rest may be shorter.

In some cases, the sheath or introducer may be left in the insertion site. If so, the bed rest will last until the sheath is removed. After the sheath is removed, you may be given a light meal.

You may feel the urge to urinate often because of the effects of the contrast dye and increased fluids. You will need to use a bedpan or urinal while on bed rest so that your affected leg will not be bent.

You may get out of bed after the specified period of bed rest has been completed. The nurse will help you the first time you get up. The nurse will also check your blood pressure while you are lying in bed, sitting, and standing. You should move slowly when getting up to prevent any dizziness from the long period of bed rest.

You may be given pain medicine for pain or discomfort at the insertion site or from having to lie flat and still for a long time.

You will be encouraged to drink water and other fluids to help flush the contrast dye from your body.

You may go back your usual diet after the procedure unless your healthcare provider decides otherwise.

You may be able to go home the same day. Or you may spend the night in the hospital after your procedure. Your stay may be longer. It depends on your condition and the results of your procedure. You will get detailed instructions for your discharge and recovery period.

At home

Arrange to have someone to drive you home from the hospital. Once at home, keep track of the insertion site for bleeding, unusual pain, swelling, abnormal discoloration, or temperature change. A small bruise is normal. Tell your healthcare team if you notice a constant or large amount of blood at the site that can't be contained with a small dressing.

If your healthcare provider used a closure device at your insertion site, you will be given specific information regarding the type of closure device that was used and how to take care of the site. There will be a small knot, or lump, under the skin at the site. This is normal. The knot should slowly disappear over a few weeks.

It will be important to keep the insertion site clean and dry. Your healthcare team will give you specific bathing instructions. In general, don't use a bathtub or hot tub or go swimming until the skin has healed.

Don't lift anything heavy and limit how many stairs you climb. You may be advised not to participate in any strenuous activities. Your healthcare team will instruct you about when you can return to work and resume normal activities.

Ask your healthcare provider when it is safe to resume driving.

Tell your healthcare team if you have any of the following:

• Fever or chills
• Increased pain, redness, swelling, bleeding, or other drainage from the insertion site
• Coolness, numbness or tingling, or other changes in the affected arm or leg
• Chest pain or pressure, nausea or vomiting, profuse sweating, dizziness, or fainting

Your healthcare provider may give you other instructions after the procedure. It depends on your particular situation.

Next steps

Before you agree to the test or procedure make sure you know:

• The name of the test or procedure
• The reason you are having the test or procedure
• What results to expect and what they mean
• The risks and benefits of the test or procedure
• What the possible side effects or complications are
• When and where you are to have the test or procedure
• Who will do the test or procedure and what that person’s qualifications are
• What would happen if you did not have the test or procedure
• Any alternative tests or procedures to think about
• When and how you will get the results
• Who to call after the test or procedure if you have questions or problems
• How much you will have to pay for the test or procedure